Special Considerations: Infants

Infants and toddlers with moyamoya disease are known to usually have severely compromised cerebral hemodynamics and are to carry a higher risk for ischemic stroke than children 5 years or older. However, most clinical issues related to infants and toddlers with moyamoya disease are still unresolved, probably because their prevalence is extremely low in each institute and almost all of the previous studies have been conducted in a single center. In this chapter, therefore, we precisely review clinical features, surgical treatment, and outcome of infantile moyamoya disease by reviewing previous articles and also discuss future prospective to improve their functional and intellectual outcome even more.