NAD⁺ metabolism in aging

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is an essential molecule found in all living cells, which is involved in fundamental biological processes such as energy metabolism, DNA repair, epigenetic regulation, and neuronal axon homeostasis. Several studies have shown that tissue NAD⁺ levels decrease with aging. This age-related NAD⁺ decline has been associated with hallmarks of aging and the development and progression of a wide range of age-related diseases, such as metabolic disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Preclinical studies have largely shown that boosting NAD⁺ levels by oral administration of NAD⁺ precursors, such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), can ameliorate age-associated pathologies and extend health span. Early clinical trial results suggest that NR and NMN are safe and bioavailable in humans and certain effectiveness has been demonstrated. Thus, NAD⁺ metabolism is an exciting field whose modulation can provide beneficial effects and may improve human health.