Intracerebroventricular administration of sulphated cholecystokinin octapeptide induces anxiety-like behaviour in goldfish

Sulphated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8s) is involved in feeding regulation as an anorexigenic neuropeptide in vertebrates. In rodents, i.c.v. administration of CCK-8s has been shown to affect not only feeding behaviour, but also psychomotor activity. However, there is still no information available concerning the psychophysiological effects of CCK-8s in goldfish. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of synthetic goldfish (gf) CCK-8s on psychomotor activity in this species. Intracerebroventricular administration of gfCCK-8s at 0.1, 0.5 and 2.5 pmol g ^-1 body weight (BW) did not affect swimming distance (locomotor activity). Because goldfish prefer the lower to the upper area of a tank, we used this as a preference test (upper/lower test) to assess anxiety-like behaviour. Intracerebroventricular administration of gfCCK-8s at 2.5 pmol g ^-1 BW shortened the time spent in the upper area. The action of gfCCK-8s mimicked that of FG-7142 (the central-type benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist, an anxiogenic agent) at 5 and 10 pmol g ^-1 BW. The anxiogenic-like effect of gfCCK-8s was abolished by treatment with the CCK receptor antagonist proglumide at 50 pmol g ^-1 BW. We also investigated the localisation of CCK/gastrin-like immunoreactivity in the goldfish brain. CCK/gastrin-like immunoreactivity was observed in the anxiety-related regions (the nucleus habenularis and the interpeduncular nucleus). These data indicate that gfCCK-8s potently affects psychomotor activity in goldfish, and exerts an anxiogenic-like effect via the CCK receptor-signalling pathway.